Glass is an excellent example of a Silk Roads trade-good whose pattern of exchange can be used to further understanding of the societies, economies and interactions of the diverse civilizations of the past. In the case of glass, the key developments in its production, design and export took place predominantly in the Mediterranean, the Iranian Plateau and the Arabian Peninsula. However, Silk Roads trade also left many traces of glassware across China and the South East that predates the eventual production of glass locally.
Glass was first produced more than 3500 years ago probably somewhere in Mesopotamia or Egypt. The Roman historian Pliny believed the Phoenicians were the first to make glass in around 5000 BCE. However, the earliest evidence of glass production in the archaeological record dates from around 3500 BCE. Glass was then traded from the regions around the Red Sea to the East throughout the first century CE where it has been found in archaeological sites in the Far East providing considerable evidence for far-reaching trade-relationships and the interactions of different cultures that occurred consequently.
Although Glass did not play as important of a role in arts and crafts in China when compared to ceramics and metalwork, glassware was imported to China from regions to the West during the late Spring and Autumn period (771-403 BCE). Imported glass can be identified in the archaeological record by its composition, typically soda-lime glass, which differs from that which was later produced in the region itself. Archaeological excavations have revealed imported glass eye beads, which were considered valuable objects, across South East Asia in the Philippines, Thailand, Java, Sumatra and Borneo. In South China, glass beads have been found in not only the tombs of nobles but also in those belonging to regular citizens.
Furthermore, mosaic purple glass Roman bowls made from the same soda-lime silica glass, have been uncovered at sites in China. Bowls of this type were popular across the Mediterranean during the first century and reached China via Silk Roads trade. Additionally, at the eastern port of Nanjing, Roman glass has been uncovered in tombs from the Eastern Jin (317-420 CE) period. Later, pieces of Sasanian (224-651 CE) glassware from the Iranian Plateau were brought to China via the overland Silk Roads and these spread to the north of China before reaching Japan via maritime routes.
Similarly, glassware from the 5th century discovered in Silla tumuli (burial mounds) in the Korean Peninsula again is of a chemical composition (containing alkali) dissimilar to glass produced in ancient Chinese glass, suggesting it is of Roman origin.
Studies have indicated that glass making with local materials did not begin in China until around the 4th or 3rd century BCE. Compound eye beads were amongst some of the earliest glass products made in China and these were imitations of those produced in Western Asia.
There is considerable evidence for far reaching trade relationships involving the exchange of glassware, which stretched across the Silk Roads, and concurrently of the cross-cultural interaction, which took place in terms of the incorporation of different artistic and stylistic elements within glassware production.
See Also
Silk Roads exchange and the Development of the Medical Sciences
Silk Roads Exchanges in Chinese Gastronomy
Mathematical Sciences along the Silk Roads
The Role of Women in Central Asian Nomadic Society
Ancient Trading Centres in the Malay Peninsula
Sri Lankan Harbour Cities and the Maritime Silk Roads
The Use of the Malay Language in Coastal Javanese Literature
Source: Xinhua| 2017-07-12 18:59:44|Editor: An
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TAIYUAN, July 12 (Xinhua) -- Shanxi merchants are famous in Chinese history for the dominant role they played in finance and trade during the Ming and Qing dynasties.
Today, Shanxi businessmen are trying to turn Qixian county, the birthplace of the province's merchant culture, into a world-famous glass-making town.
After melting over 30 kinds of raw materials in a furnace, Hou Binghu, a glass-blower, uses an iron pipe to blow molten glass into a mold.
This magical scene of hand-blown glass, an ancient method to make glass jars, vases and glass ornaments, was seen in a glass art park owned by Hong Hai Glass Company of Qixian county.
Using freehand sketching and gilding, the semi-finished products can be turned into exquisite essential oil bottles, coffee cups and snuff bottles.
Hou is among 20,000 local residents employed in the glass industry, the pillar industry of Qianxian's economy.
Qixian boasts 42 glass manufacturing factories and produces glass products weighing a total of 20 tonnes each year, ranging from wine glasses and tea sets to vases and jars.
Hong Hai Glass Company was one of the first glass makers in the county. Since it opened in 1953, the factory has stuck to traditional hand-blown glass and acquired 28 glass-making patents.
While machine-blown glass is more cost effective and suitable for mass production, Li Jiansheng, general manager of Hong Hai, and other businessmen in Qixian still prefer hand-blown glass.
"Such technique is more precise and appropriate for unique and customized glass pieces," Li said.
He said that 70 percent of their products were exported. Every year, they export hand blown glassware with a value of more than 30 million yuan (4.4 million U.S. dollars) to the Middle East.
Now, the traditional craft of hand-blown glass has been promoted in an industry tourism program in Qixian.
In Hong Hai glass-art park, tourists can watch glass blowing and the process of turning raw materials into colored-glass art work. They can also buy glassware.
The park attracts more than 100,000 tourists every year.
The local government claims that the county produces more than 50 percent of hand-blown glass products in China, and its products are exported to more than 80 countries and regions.
Qixian is just one of the places across China working to boost innovation and specialized industries to transform the economy.
Liuzhou, a traditional industrial city best known for its steel and automobile manufacturing in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, has been promoting its signature street food "Luosifen," a river-snail rice noodle dish, to more dining tables at home and abroad. Sales of Luosifen generated 1.5 billion yuan last year.
Pingyang county in eastern China's Zhejiang Province, once known as China's town of leather, has transformed its economy into a pet products producer and pet tourist destination. It is home to 72 pet product manufacturers. Last year, the output of its pet industry reached 3 billion yuan.
A glass museum is currently being constructed in Qixian.
"I'm happy if we can turn the county into a global exhibition center of hand-blown glass art work. But I'm happier to see that we can keep this ancient art alive," Li said.