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Scotch Tape
Several packs of Scotch tape, including Magic tape on the right
Product typePressure-sensitive tapeOwner3MCountrySt. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.Introduced( )
Websitescotchtape.comScotch Tape is a brand name used for pressure-sensitive tapes developed by 3M. It was first introduced by Richard Drew, who created the initial masking tape under the Scotch brand. The invention of Scotch-brand cellulose tape expanded its applications, making it suitable for sealing packages and conducting item repairs. Over time, Scotch Tape has been utilized in various industries and households for its diverse adhesive solutions.[1]
Antique Scotch brand package Tape dispenser for Scotch Magic Tape[
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In , Richard Drew, a 3M engineer, developed the first transparent sticky tape in St. Paul, Minnesota with a material known as cellophane.[2] Drew's inspiration came from watching automotive engineers try to achieve smooth paintings on two-color cars. It was in that he created Scotch masking tape and later evolved the product to be transparent.[3] In , John A. Borden, also a 3M engineer, built the tape dispenser.[4] During the Great Depression, the versatility and durability of Scotch tape led to a surge in demand, as customers used it to mend household items like books, curtains, clothing, etc.[5] It had industrial applications as well: Goodyear used it to tape the inner supportive ribs of dirigibles to prevent corrosion.[3]
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Modern Scotch brand acetate[clarification needed
] tape packaging showing the distinctive tartan designAlthough it is a trademark and a brand name, Scotch tape is sometimes used as a generic term,[6][7] in a similar manner to Sellotape in several other countries. The Scotch brand includes many different constructions (backings, adhesives, etc.) and colors of tape.
The use of the term Scotch in the name was a pejorative meaning "parsimonious" in the s and s. The brand name Scotch came about around while Richard Drew was testing his first masking tape to determine how much adhesive he needed to add. The body shop painter became frustrated with the sample masking tape and exclaimed, "Take this tape back to those Scotch bosses of yours and tell them to put more adhesive on it!"[8][9] The name was soon applied to the entire line of 3M tapes.
Scotty McTape, a kilt-wearing cartoon boy, was the brand's mascot for two decades, first appearing in .[10] The familiar tartan design, a take on the well-known Wallace tartan, was introduced in .[10]
The Scotch brand, Scotch Tape and Magic Tape are registered trademarks of 3M. Besides using Scotch as a prefix in its brand names (Scotchgard, Scotchlite, and Scotch-Brite), the company also used the Scotch name for its (mainly professional) audiovisual magnetic tape products, until the early s when the tapes were branded solely with the 3M logo.[11] In , 3M exited the magnetic tape business, selling its assets to Quantegy (which is a spin-off of Ampex).[12]
In the late s, the Scotch theme was also applied to 3M's all-weather polyurethane Tartan track and the company's artificial grass, Tartan Turf.
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Magic Tape, also known as Magic Transparent Tape, is a brand within the Scotch Tape family of adhesive tapes made by 3M, sold in distinctive plaid packaging.
Invented and introduced in , it is the original matte finish tape. It appears frosty on the roll yet is invisible on paper. This quality makes it popular for gift-wrapping.[13] Magic Tape can be written upon with pen, pencil, or marker; comes in permanent and removable varieties; and resists drying out and yellowing. [citation needed]
In Japan, "Magic Tape" is a trademark of Kuraray for a hook-and-loop fastener system similar to Velcro. Instead, the katakana version of the word Mending Tape is used, i.e., &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, along with the familiar green and yellow tartan branding.
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In , Scotch released their "Dynarange" brand of magnetic tape used in reel-to-reel audio tape recording.[14] The company branched out to produce tapes for computer storage, cassette tapes and similar roles.
In , Soviet scientists showed that triboluminescence caused by peeling a roll of an unidentified Scotch brand tape in a vacuum can produce X-rays.[15] In , American scientists performed an experiment that showed the rays can be strong enough to leave an X-ray image of a finger on photographic paper.[16]
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Current global demand for pressure-sensitive adhesives is valued at approximately USD $52 Billion or roughly 47 billion square meters per year and is expected to grow to USD $73.5 Billion by ¹. To give you some perspective on those numbers, 47 billion square meters is over 18,000 square miles of tape or enough to cover the entire state of New Jersey more than twice! The US demand for pressure sensitive tapes is 9.9 billion square meters per year or approximately 25% of the global total. That&#;s enough to cover more than half the state. Where did our big industry get its start? Who invented pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes? To answer those questions we have to go back over 160 years.
¹Market Research Engine, &#;, &#;Global Adhesive Tape Market&#;
Necessity is the Mother of Invention
In , a surgeon named Dr. Horace Day made the first crude surgical tape by combining India rubber, pine gum, turpentine, litharge (a yellow lead oxide), and turpentine extract of cayenne pepper and applying that mixture to strips of fabric. It was the first &#;rubber-based&#; adhesive and Dr. Day used it in his practice as a surgical plaster.
Larger scale manufacturing of similar medical tapes began in by Robert Wood Johnson and George Seaburg in East Orange, NJ. That company would soon become the Johnson & Johnson Company we know today. Later in , Earle Dickson who bought cotton for Johnson & Johnson noticed that the surgical tape kept falling off his wife Josephine&#;s fingers after cutting them in the kitchen. He fixed a piece of gauze to some cloth backed tape and the first Band-Aid ® was invented.
It took almost 75 years from Dr. Day&#;s first crude tape until the early &#;s when the first industrial tape application appeared. The application was electrical tape (although the adhesive was more of a cohesive film than the electrical tape we know today) to prevent wires from shorting.
The second major industrial tape application was a result of the rise of the American automobile in the &#;s. Two toned automobiles were becoming popular and auto makers needed a way to produce clean, sharp paint lines while using the new automatic paint spray gun. They started using the surgical tape that was available but the paint wicked through the cloth backing and caused defective paint jobs.
Richard Drew, an engineer at Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing (3M) happened to be at a local body shop testing their WetorDry® brand sandpaper in and he saw the workers struggling to get clean paint lines. He went back to his lab and created a 2 inch wide crimp backed paper tape that became the first &#;masking tape&#; for painting. In case you&#;ve ever wondered, the brand name &#;Scotch&#; came about when Richard Drew was testing some of his paint masking tape and the auto body painter yelled at him to &#;take that tape back to your &#;Scotch&#; (indicating that they were being cheap) bosses and tell them to put some more adhesive on it!&#; The name was soon applied to the whole product line and became one of the industry&#;s most recognized brand names.
Richard Drew also founded the first tape laboratory at 3M in and went on to create a clear, water proof tape to seal cellophane food wrap for bakers and grocers. This cellulose tape became what we know more commonly as Scotch Tape and consumers soon learned that they could repair torn book pages, documents, and even ripped window shades with this new product.
Jumping ahead to and World War II, Johnson & Johnson developed duct tape to seal canisters and repair equipment for the military. The tape was a basically a polyethylene coated cloth tape with good &#;quick stick&#; properties that made it easy to use in the field for emergency repairs. The world never looked back and duct tape can be found in almost any home or tool box.
After the War
Pressure &#;sensitive tape usage really started to grow in the &#;s and 70&#;s. During this time there were tremendous strides made in adhesive formulation strategies and the emerging acrylic adhesive systems. Adhesive performance improved significantly and the availability of new backing materials such as polymer films and foams and silicone release liners surged. These factors drove innovation and the creation of many new types of tapes for a variety of applications.
Moving ahead to the early &#;s, we see the introduction of VHB acrylic foam tapes by 3M. This was truly an industry leading innovation as tape could now replace mechanical fasteners which had been unheard of up till then.
Today, acrylic foam tape performance has improved even more and 3M&#;s VHB Structural Glazing Tape actually holds the insulated glass units into mid and high rise buildings! Who ever thought a tape could do that?
And that&#;s not all. We are seeing amazing innovations in adhesive tapes used in the healthcare industry. Adhesives designed to stick to different types of skin and remove without skin trauma or even when wet are commonplace. Medical devices such as strip to measure blood sugar in diabetics are made of precision coated adhesive films.
Most of us carry a cell and there are 25-30 pieces of various die cut tapes bonding the various layers together and sealing out dust, dirt, and moisture.
And it&#;s not going to end there.
The tap products we convert at Tom Brown, Inc. can easily trace their origins to these early pioneers but they have come much further. The adhesives on our double coated film tapes we use for gasket fabrication is a synthetic version of that India rubber used by Dr. Day in . The acrylic adhesives on our high performance bonding and sealing tapes are more sophisticated. They rely on the reaction of various acrylic monomers in solvent. They can do amazing things such as holding large pieces of glass into metal extrusions on large building without the need for mechanical fasteners.
Now you know some of the origins of our industry. Just take a look at
Tom Brown&#;s tape products
and you can see that pressure-sensitive products have come a long way since Dr. Day&#;s first invention.