"Emergency power" redirects here. For the powers exercisable by heads of state in an emergency, see Reserve power

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A backup generator for a large apartment building A backup power fuel cell for telecom applications A portable emergency power generator in a shipping container

An emergency power system is an independent source of electrical power that supports important electrical systems on loss of normal power supply. A standby power system may include a standby generator, batteries and other apparatus. Emergency power systems are installed to protect life and property from the consequences of loss of primary electric power supply. It is a type of continual power system.

They find uses in a wide variety of settings from homes to hospitals, scientific laboratories, data centers,[1] telecommunication[2] equipment and ships. Emergency power systems can rely on generators, deep-cycle batteries, flywheel energy storage[3] or fuel cells.[4][5]

History

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Emergency power systems were used as early as World War II on naval ships. In combat, a ship may lose the function of its boilers, which power the steam turbines for the ship's generator. In such a case, one or more diesel engines are used to drive back-up generators. Early transfer switches relied on manual operation; two switches would be placed horizontally, in line and the "on" position facing each other. a rod is placed in between. In order to operate the switch one source must be turned off, the rod moved to the other side and the other source turned on.

Operation in buildings

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Mains power can be lost due to downed lines, malfunctions at a sub-station, inclement weather, planned blackouts or in extreme cases a grid-wide failure. In modern buildings, most emergency power systems have been and are still based on generators. Usually, these generators are Diesel engine driven, although smaller buildings may use a gasoline engine driven generator.

Some larger building have gas turbines, but they can take 5 or up to 30 minutes to produce power.[6]

Lately, more use is being made of deep cycle batteries and other technologies such as flywheel energy storage or fuel cells. These latter systems do not produce polluting gases, thereby allowing the placement to be done within the building. Also, as a second advantage, they do not require a separate shed to be built for fuel storage.[7]

With regular generators, an automatic transfer switch is used to connect emergency power. One side is connected to both the normal power feed and the emergency power feed; and the other side is connected to the load designated as emergency. If no electricity comes in on the normal side, the transfer switch uses a solenoid to throw a triple pole, double throw switch. This switches the feed from normal to emergency power. The loss of normal power also triggers a battery operated starter system to start the generator, similar to using a car battery to start an engine. Once the transfer switch is switched and the generator starts, the building's emergency power comes back on (after going off when normal power was lost).

Unlike emergency lights, emergency lighting is not a type of light fixture; it is a pattern of the building's normal lights that provides a path of lights to allow for safe exit, or lights up service areas such as mechanical rooms and electric rooms. Exit signs, Fire alarm systems (that are not on back up batteries) and the electric motor pumps for the fire sprinklers are almost always on emergency power. Other equipment on emergency power may include smoke isolation dampers, smoke evacuation fans, elevators, handicap doors and outlets in service areas. Hospitals use emergency power outlets to power life support systems and monitoring equipment. Some buildings may even use emergency power as part of normal operations, such as a theater using it to power show equipment in accordance with the principle of "the show must go on".

Operation in aviation

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A view of an Aviation 501--04 Emergency Power Supply by Repaero

The use of Emergency power systems in aviation can be either in the aircraft or on the ground.

In commercial and military aircraft it is critical to maintain power to essential systems during an emergency. This can be done via Ram air turbines or battery emergency power supplies which enables pilots to maintain radio contact and continue to navigate using MFD, GPS, VOR receiver or directional gyro during for more than an hour.

Localizer, glideslope, and other instrument landing aids (such as microwave transmitters) are both high power consumers and mission-critical, and cannot be reliably operated from a battery supply, even for short periods. Hence, when absolute reliability is required (such as when Category 3 operations are in force at the airport) it is usual to run the system from a diesel generator with automatic switchover to the mains supply should the generator fail. This avoids any interruption to transmission while a generator is brought up to operating speed.

This is opposed to the typical view of emergency power systems, where the backup generators are seen as secondary to the mains electrical supply.

Electronic device protection

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Computers, communication networks, and other modern electronic devices need not only power, but also a steady flow of it to continue to operate. If the source voltage drops significantly or drops out completely, these devices will fail, even if the power loss is only for a fraction of a second. Because of this, even a generator back-up does not provide protection because of the start-up time involved.

To achieve more comprehensive loss protection, extra equipment such as surge protectors, inverters, or sometimes a complete uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is used. UPS systems can be local (to one device or one power outlet) or may extend building-wide. A local UPS is a small box that fits under a desk or a telecom rack and powers a small number of devices. A building-wide UPS may take any of several different forms, depending on the application. It directly feeds a system of outlets designated as UPS feed and can power a large number of devices.

Since exchanges use DC, the building's battery room is generally wired directly to the consuming equipment and floats continuously on the output of the rectifiers that normally supply DC rectified from utility power. When utility power fails, the battery carries the load without needing to switch. With this simple though somewhat expensive system, some exchanges have never lost power for a moment since the s.

Structure and operation in utility stations

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Diagram of a redundant power supply system.

In recent years, large units of a utility power station are usually designed on a unit system basis in which the required devices, including the boiler, the turbine generator unit, and its power (step up) and unit (auxiliary) transformer are solidly connected as one unit. A less common set-up consists of two units grouped together with one common station auxiliary. As each turbine generator unit has its own attached unit auxiliary transformer, it is connected to the circuit automatically. For starting the unit, the auxiliaries are supplied with power by another unit (auxiliary) transformer or station auxiliary transformer. The period of switching from the first unit transformer to the next unit is designed for automatic, instantaneous operation in times when the emergency power system needs to kick in. It is imperative that the power to unit auxiliaries not fail during a station shutdown (an occurrence known as black-out when all regular units temporarily fail). Instead, during shutdowns the grid is expected to remain operational. When problems occur, it is usually due to reverse power relays and frequency-operated relays on grid lines due to severe grid disturbances. Under these circumstances, the emergency station supply must kick in to avoid damage to any equipment and to prevent hazardous situations such as the release of hydrogen gas from generators to the local environment.

Controlling the emergency power system

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For a 208 VAC emergency supply system, a central battery system with automatic controls, located in the power station building, is used to avoid long electric supply wires. This central battery system consists of lead-acid battery cell units to make up a 12 or 24 VDC system as well as stand-by cells, each with its own battery charging unit. Also needed are a voltage sensing unit capable of receiving 208 VAC and an automatic system that is able to signal to and activate the emergency supply circuit in case of failure of 208 VAC station supply.

References

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Solar Energy Storage Benefits (And Disadvantages)

Solar batteries capture and store energy from the sun. They provide backup power during outages and when the sun isn&#;t shining, and they support homeowners and businesses that want to be more energy independent. The primary disadvantages of solar storage are cost, capacity limitations, and environmental impacts.

Solar energy systems are weather dependent, so their output is reduced during cloudy days. Moreover, if they are connected to the electric grid, they are affected by power outages, making them unreliable for homeowners with greater energy needs.

Solar energy storage systems can be integrated with solar panels to provide additional solar power. These storage technologies provide peace of mind by storing energy for later usage.

How Does A Solar Energy Storage System Work?

A solar battery system is integrated with a solar panel system. During peak sun hours, the batteries capture and store any excess energy that a home or business doesn&#;t use. Solar panels alone cannot store energy for later usage, but a solar battery can. Here&#;s how the two work together:

• Solar panels collect solar energy during the day in the form of direct current (DC) electricity.
• Solar panel inverters convert direct current electricity into alternating current (AC) electricity, making it usable for your home.
• AC electricity powers home appliances just like the utility company would, but lessens the energy costs.
• One or more &#;rechargeable solar batteries (most commonly a lithium-ion battery or lead acid battery) are directly connected to the home solar system. The batteries are &#;charged&#; by the excess energy flowing into them during the day.
• This &#;stored excess power can be used at night or during power grid blackouts. It&#;s a great backup option for interconnected solar systems and a necessity for an off-grid system.

Solar batteries are necessary in off-grid systems.

What Are The Benefits Of Solar Energy Storage?

Benefits of solar battery storage include:

• Lower electricity bills. Storing and using more of your own energy can reduce your energy bills even more than a home solar PV system alone. Depending on your battery capacity and energy usage, you may be able to completely eliminate your electricity bill.
• Energy independence. The ability to store solar energy for later usage increases the self-sufficiency of both interconnected and off-grid systems.
• Time-of-use optimization. Time-of-use (TOU) means that electricity rates depend on the time of day. Generally, it costs more to run major appliances during the day as it&#;s considered a peak demand period. Solar batteries can help reduce energy bills by optimizing energy consumption throughout the day. If necessary, batteries can be charged using grid electricity at night (off-peak) when electricity rates are lower.
• Load shifting. Battery storage systems also help by adjusting the timing when stored energy is used through load shifting. This means changing when the energy is used without affecting overall consumption.
• Backup power. Having energy security and resiliency is essential during blackouts or cloudy days with insufficient sunlight.
• Grid stability. Solar batteries contribute to grid stability by improving system frequency regulation. Whenever there is a deviation from the standard 50 Hz, the batteries can adjust the frequency. This is possible thanks to their continuous grid monitoring feature.
• Sustainability. Solar energy storage systems reduce your carbon footprint by providing another way to use renewable energy. They&#;re also more eco-friendly than other backup power sources (such as generators) since they don&#;t use fossil fuels.
• Incentives. Federal tax credits, rebates, and net metering are the most common incentives for installing a solar-plus-storage system. Depending on your state, you may qualify for additional programs like California&#;s Self-Generation Incentive Program (SGIP).

Battery backup allows you to use stored solar energy at night and during outages.

What Are the Disadvantages Of Solar Energy Storage?

Common drawbacks of solar energy storage systems are:

• Upfront costs. Purchasing solar batteries can be a big expense in addition to installing solar panels. However, keep in mind that installation costs have dropped significantly as of and continue to do so.

• Limited storage capacity. Although a solar battery storage system works well as a solar system backup, it still has limited capacity and must continually be charged via the sun or grid electricity to be ready to use. For homes and businesses with higher energy needs, they&#;ll find that higher-capacity batteries are more expensive.
• Efficiency and energy loss. Energy loss in solar batteries can occur during their charging and discharging cycles. Like all batteries, they become more inefficient overall as they age.
• Lifespan and maintenance. The typical lifespan of a solar battery is five to 15 years, and they&#;re expensive to replace. For a home solar system that lasts 25 to 30 years, the cost adds up over time.
• Environmental impact. Manufacturing and disposal of batteries is not environmentally friendly, as they are not recyclable.
• System complexity. Adding solar batteries with multiple components to your solar system is a complex process and requires hiring a professional &#; which also adds to the costs.
• Safety risks. Inadequately installed, maintained, or damaged batteries can become a fire hazard since they are more likely to overheat and malfunction.

Do You Need To Install A Solar Battery?

Only true, off-grid solar systems need a battery for complete solar system stability and reliability. However, interconnected systems still benefit from solar power storage. You may want to install a solar-plus-storage system if you want to be more energy independent and have backup power at all times. Talk to your solar installer to weigh your needs and budget and decide on the best option for powering your home.

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