Not to be confused with Bastion
Reinforced earth with gabions supporting a multilane roadway Gabions as X-ray protection during customs inspectionA gabion (from Italian gabbione meaning "big cage"; from Italian gabbia and Latin cavea meaning "cage") is a cage, cylinder or box filled with rocks, concrete, or sometimes sand and soil for use in civil engineering, road building, military applications and landscaping.
For erosion control, caged riprap is used. For dams or in foundation construction, cylindrical metal structures are used. In a military context, earth- or sand-filled gabions are used to protect sappers, infantry, and artillerymen from enemy fire.
Leonardo da Vinci designed a type of gabion called a Corbeille Leonard ("Leonard[o] basket") for the foundations of the San Marco Castle in Milan.[1]
Civil engineering
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Bridge abutment with gabionsThe most common civil engineering use of gabions was refined and patented by Gaetano Maccaferri in the late 19th century in Sacerno, Emilia Romagna and used to stabilize shorelines, stream banks or slopes against erosion. Other uses include retaining walls, noise barriers, temporary flood walls, silt filtration from runoff, for small or temporary/permanent dams, river training, or channel lining. They may be used to direct the force of a flow of flood water around a vulnerable structure.
Gabions are also used as fish screens on small streams. Gabion stepped weirs are commonly used for river training and flood control; the stepped design enhances the rate of energy dissipation in the channel, and it is particularly well suited to the construction of gabion stepped weirs.[2]
A gabion wall is a retaining wall made of stacked stone-filled gabions tied together with wire. Gabion walls are usually battered (angled back towards the slope), or stepped back with the slope, rather than stacked vertically.
The life expectancy of gabions depends on the lifespan of the wire, not on the contents of the basket. The structure will fail when the wire fails. Galvanized steel wire is most common, but PVC-coated and stainless steel wire are also used. PVC-coated galvanized gabions have been estimated to survive for 60 years.[3] Some gabion manufacturers guarantee a structural consistency of 50 years.[4]
In the United States, gabion use within streams first began with projects completed from to on North River, Virginia, and Zealand River, New Hampshire.[5] More than 150 grade-control structures, bank revetments and channel deflectors were constructed on the two U.S. Forest Service sites. Eventually, a large portion of the in-stream structures failed due to undermining and lack of structural integrity of the baskets. In particular, corrosion and abrasion of wires by bedload movement compromised the structures, which then sagged and collapsed into the channels. Other gabions were toppled into channels as trees grew and enlarged on top of gabion revetments, leveraging them toward the river channels.
Gabions have also been used in building, as in the Dominus Winery in the Napa Valley, California, by architects Herzog & de Meuron, constructed between and . The exterior is formed by modular wire mesh gabions containing locally quarried stone; this construction allows air movement through the building and creates an environment of moderate temperatures inside.[6][7]
Variations in design
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Bank protection made with mattressesThere are various special designs of gabions to meet particular functional requirements and some special terms for particular forms have come into use. For example:[8]
Military use
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Gabions with cannon, from a late 16th-century illustrationEarly gabions were round cages with open tops and bottoms, made from wickerwork and filled with earth for use as military fortifications.[10]:&#;38&#; Willow twigs were brought from East Lothian to make gabions to protect gun emplacements in Edinburgh in April , during the siege of Edinburgh Castle.[11]
These early military gabions were most often used to protect sappers and siege artillery gunners.[10]:&#;39&#; The wickerwork cylinders were light and could be carried relatively conveniently in the ammunition train, particularly if they were made in several diameters to fit one inside another. At the site of use in the field, they could be stood on end, staked in position, and filled with soil to form an effective wall around the gun, or rapidly construct a bulletproof parapet along a sap. During the Crimean War, local shortages of brushwood led to use of scrap hoop-iron from hay bales in its stead; this in turn led to purpose-built sheet-iron gabions.[10]:&#;182&#;
Today, gabions are often used to protect forward operating bases (FOBs) against explosive, fragmentary, indirect fires such as mortar or artillery fire. Examples of areas within a FOB that make extensive use of gabions are sleeping quarters, mess halls, or any place where there would be a large concentration of unprotected soldiers. Gabions are also used for aircraft revetments, blast walls, and similar structures. A gabion is often referred to as a "Hesco bastion".
The interior of Fort Stedman in , showing a breastwork constructed with gabions to protect gun positions
Modern Hesco bastions
Impact attenuation
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Gabions may be used for attenuating dynamic load as those resulting from impacts by vehicles or rockfall for example. First, gabions may be suitable as a vehicle restraint system in scenic lower speed roads.[12] Second, when used as facing of earth-reinforced structures with a vertical face, gabions offer a more deformable surface to impact compared to other classical geotechnical alternatives. This higher deformability results from crushing and large displacements of the fill content. As a result, the impact load transmitted to the structure is reduced, due to both impact energy dissipation and peak force attenuation. In an optimization process, the fill material can be adapted to meet specific requirements, in terms of impact response. This in particular led to the use of recycled materials (tires and ballast from railway tracks) in the core of some rockfall protection embankments.[13][14]
See also
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References
Sunshine Fencing supply professional and honest service.
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Hexagonal mesh is a twisted woven wire netting, lightweight, flexible and easily fabricated. Galvanized hexagonal woven wire mesh is popularly used in soil reinforcing gabions making and various fencing for poultry, garden and plants. The hex wire netting can be galvanized before weave or galv. after weaving.
Corrosion treaments:
Eelectro galvanized
Hot dipped galvanised
Galfan galvanised
Additional pvc / vinyl coating
after galvanizing
Weaving:
Straight normal twist;
Reverse twist;
Double twist ( straight and reverse).
Fabric selvages options:
Single selvage;
Double edge;
Reinforced selvages.
1/2", 3/4", 5/8" mesh comes with single, double, or reinforced edges.
Applications:
Wire mesh PFP system;
Lawn / Garden fence;
Zoo fence / animal enclosures;
Poultry fencing / fowl fences;
Chicken pens;
Gabions;
Gophor wire;
Stucco netting, etc.
OUR CAPABILITIES
Main products include 1" (25mm), 3/4", 1/2", 2"(50mm) mesh fencing net. Single, double edges or reinforced with selvage wire.
Common size for Iran market:
Electroplate galvanized hexagonal wire mesh rolls:
3/4" X width 0.90m X length 45m X weight/roll 5.5kg
3/4" X width 0.90m X length 45m X weight/roll 7.0kg
3/4" X width 1.20m X length 45m X weight/roll 7.0kg
3/4" X width 1.20m X length 45m X weight/roll 9.0kg
Common sizes for Hungary market:
30X0,7X500MMX50M in Rolls, Weight 6kg per roll
30X0,7XMMX50M in ROLLS, weight 12kg per roll
30X0,7X500MMX25M in ROLLS, weight 3kg per roll
30X0,7XMMX25M in ROLLS, weight 6kg per roll
Common size for Morocco market:
Galvanized hexagonal wire netting
25mm (Hexagone with 1")
Mesh roll width 1m x
length 50m
Weight: 11.30kg
50mm (Hexagone with 2")
Mesh roll width 1.5m x
length 50m
Weight: from 7 to 8kg
Hex. Wire Netting, common size for Ethiopian market
1" x 1.8 m x 30m x 13kg x 0.6mm
Electro galvanized before weaving
Hex. Wire Netting, special size for Ethiopian market
1" x 1.8m x 30m x 10.3kg x 0.55mm
Electro galvanized before weaving
Common size hexagonal wire netting for Serbia market:
Mesh opening x wire diameter x roll width:
52mm x 1.1mm x 1m
52mm x 1.1mm x 1.25m
52mm x 1.1mm x 1.5m
26mm x 0.7mm x 1m
20mm x 0.6mm x 1m
15mm x 0.6mm x 1m
15mm x 0.55mm x 1m
Common sizes for United States:
Hex Mesh 3/4" x 3/4" x 24" x 150' roll, PVC Black color.
Hex wire diameter before coating 1.04mm X 3/4" X 3/4" X 150' long.
Wire diameter without coating 1.04mm, after PVC coating the wire diameter 1.28mm to
1.3mm
Wire hot dipped galvanized after weaving, then PVC coated
Other sizes: 24",36" and 48" widths X 150' long.
17 gauge, 1-1/2" PVC coated hexagonal wire mesh, Galv. + PVC coating, roll height 61 cm (24") x length 46 m (150') , weight 26 kg (58 lbs)
Hexagonal wire mesh, double twist woven 6.0X2.0X0.3M
Hexagonal wire mesh, double twist woven 1.0X2.0X1.5M
Surface: Aluminum zinc galv. / Galfan
Common size for Europe:
Galvanized hexagonal wire netting, hole 60x60 mm, 60x80 mm, mesh wire diameter 3.2 mm
Side reinforced with wire diameter 4 mm
Common size for Denmark market
Material: Mild steel
Surface: Galv. after weaving
Mesh 13 x Wire 0.7 mm x 110 cm x 100 m rolls
Wire mesh for Greek market common size:
Hexagonal wire net 1/2"X0.80mmX2mX25m
Surface: Hot-dip galvanized wire (70-90gr/m2)
Processing: Galv.
before weaving
Structure: Weave
in staight reverse twist
Edge:
in single selvage
APPLICATIONS
Fencing mesh for chickens, ducks and other poultrys:
1" hex net x 18 Ga x 36" wide x 150 feet/roll, galvanized hot dip wire is popularly used for rabbit and poultry fencing.
20 gauge 1" hex mesh fabric is popularly used in chicken fencing.
Black pvc coated galv. hexagonal mesh is populary used in fire protection system.
Hexagonal mesh with double galvanizing protection, electric galvanized before, hot dipped galvanized after weave, 3/4" opening, is popularly used as guarding fence against gophers and other small animals.
3.4mm and 0.46mm wire hexagonal mesh is a heavy type popularly used for making gabions.
Poultry netting reinforced with supplemental horizontal wires / rods, to secure the mesh fencing, pens and barriers to stay straight and upright.
Hexagonal fence (galvanization before twisting): hot-dipped galvanized 240g/m2. 1.8mm*6cm*8cm*0.9m*50m
In addition to top and bottom wires, the mesh fence is reinforced with 2 supplemental horizontal wires.
Well sold to Norway
Galvanized after weaving (GAW) Hex Netting Fence
Poultry Netting, woven into hex mesh:1/2", 1" or 1-1/2"
Fence: Hot dipped zinc bath galvanized
GAW hex netting fences last longer compared will GBW galvanized before weaving hexagonal chicken wire
Ideal for gardens, game bird pens, chicken, poultry
Gopher Wire Fencing, GAW
Gopher Wire Mesh rolls and baskets:
Size: 4' x 100' roll, 5' x 100'
Hexagonal mesh wire 3/4" x 20 gauge
Double galvanized for long service life of 6 to 10 years: Electro galvanized wire, then hot dipped galvanized after woven
Stainless steel gopher wire (ss304) also available upon request
Gabion mattress:
2x1x1m rock mattress gabions of galvanized hexagonal wire mesh
with specification: 3/4 inch,
wire diameter 0.46mm, roll
1.2m x45m
Gabion basket:
Hexagonal gabions mesh 8x10 x 2.7mm, selvedge and edge wires 3.4mm, Galfan and Galfan/PVC Grey
For more Hexagonal Wire Mesh Supplier information, please contact us. We will provide professional answers.